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Article History

Received: 9 March 2026

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 29 May 2026

Declarations

:

: Eugen Trinka has received personal honoraria for lectures and educational activities from EVER Pharma, Marinus, Arvelle, Angelini, Alexion, Argenx, Medtronic, Biocodex, Bial-Portela & Ca, NewBridge, GL Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, LivaNova, Eisai, Epilog, UCB, Biogen, Sanofi, STOKE Therapeutics, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Rapport; his institution has received research grants from Biogen, UCB Pharma, Eisai, Red Bull, Merck, Bayer, the European Union, FWF Österreichischer Fond zur Wissenschaftsforderung Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, and Jubiläumsfond der Österreichischen Nationalbank. Eugen Trinka is co-founder and CMO of PrevEp Inc., co-Director of the European Consortium for Epilepsy Trials (ECET), and Executive Committee member of the Epilepsy Study Consortium, Inc. (ESCI). Eugen Trinka is also an Editorial Board member of Neurology and Therapy. Eugen Trinka was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript or in any subsequent editorial decisions. Josemir Sander or his department have received grants from Angelini Pharma and UCB Pharma. He has consulted for Angelini Pharma, Sun Pharma, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and SK Life Sciences. Josemir Sander is based at the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, which is funded by the UK Department of Health. He receives research support from the Academy of Medical Sciences, the National Institute for Health and Social Research, and the Marvin Weil Epilepsy Research Fund. John Paul Leach is an employee of Angelini Pharma and has previously received honoraria from Desitin, Eisai, Pfizer and UCB Pharma.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.