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Authors
Poletti, Barbara https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398-2051
Aiello, Edoardo N.
Consonni, Monica
Iazzolino, Barbara
Torre, Silvia
Faltracco, Veronica
Telesca, Alessandra
Palumbo, Francesca
Curti, Beatrice
De Luca, Giulia
Moreschi, Arianna
Frisco, Francesca
Dalla Bella, Eleonora
Bersano, Enrica
Riva, Nilo
Verde, Federico
Messina, Stefano
Doretti, Alberto
Maranzano, Alessio
Morelli, Claudia
Cappa, Stefano F.
Calvo, Andrea
Strong, Michael J.
Silani, Vincenzo
Lauria, Giuseppe
Chiò, Adriano
Ticozzi, Nicola
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del Sistema Universitario e della Ricerca (TRANS-ALS)
Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del Sistema Universitario e della Ricerca (grant number: 2015-0023)
Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale, Regione Lombardia (POR FESR 2014-2020)
Fondo Europeo di Sviluppo Regionale, Regione Lombardia (grant number: 1157625)
Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata – Ministero della Salute (grant: RF-2016-02362405)
“Progetti di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale” programme of the Ministry of Education, University and Research (grant: 2017SNW5MB)
Horizon 2020 (grant: RF H2020-SC1-DTH2020-1)
Horizon 2020 (grant agreement ID: 101017598)
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2026
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 20 June 2026
Declarations
Conflict of Interest: Vincenzo Silani received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from AveXis, Cytokinetics, Italfarmaco, Liquidweb S.r.l., and Novartis Pharma AG and receives or has received research support from the Italian Ministry of Health, AriSLA, and E-Rare Joint Transnational Call. He is on the Editorial Board of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration , European Neurology , American Journal of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Frontiers in Neurology . Barbara Poletti received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking activities from Liquidweb S.r.l. Barbara Poletti is Associate Editor for Frontier in Neuroscience . Nicola Ticozzi received compensation for consulting services and/or speaking fees from Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, Italfarmaco and Zambon Biotech SA. He is Associate Editor for Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience . Federico Verde is Associated Editor for Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease . Edoardo N. Aiello serves as an Editorial Board Member for BMC Neurology . Adriano Chiò is a member of the following Scientific Advisory Boards: Mitsubishi Tanabe, Roche, Biogen, Denali Pharma, Cytokinetics, Amylyx Pharmaceuticals, VectorY, Ferrer and Zambon Biotech; he received a scientific grant from Biogen; he is a member of the following Drug Safety and Monitoring Boards: AB Science, Verge, Corcept and Eli Lilly; Andrea Calvo has received a research grant from Cytokinetics. Monica Consonni, Barbara Iazzolino, Silvia Torre, Veronica Faltracco, Alessandra Telesca, Francesca Palumbo, Beatrice Curti, Giulia De Luca, Arianna Moreschi, Francesca Frisco, Eleonora Dalla Bella, Enrica Bersano, Nilo Riva, Stefano Messina, Alberto Doretti, Alessio Maranzano, Claudia Morelli, Stefano F. Cappa, Michael J. Strong and Giuseppe Lauria have nothing to disclose.
Ethical Approval: Participants provided informed consent and data were treated according to current regulations. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano (ID: 2013_06_25), the Ethics Committee of Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (ID: 71/2015; 2017/06/07, Excerpt 6/41; 2020/06/17, Excerpt 01/73; 2023/01/18, Excerpt 06/11) and the Ethics Committee of the ALS Expert Center of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza (ID: #0038876). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its later amendments.
