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Article History

Received: 3 April 2026

Accepted: 21 May 2026

First Online: 21 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Mahya Fani declares no competing interests. Within the prior 24 months, Nina Sharp has held equity in Allevalux and BeyondLynk. Her institution received research grants on her behalf from Flinn Foundation and National Headache Foundation. Todd Schwedt reports that within the prior 24 months he has received compensation for consulting activities from Lundbeck and Salvia, his employer received compensation for his consulting activities with AbbVie, he received royalties from Up To Date and held stock options and/or equity in Allevalux and Nocira. His employer received research grants on his behalf from AbbVie, American Heart Association, Flinn Foundation, Henry Jackson Foundation, National Headache Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer, and United States Department of Defense. Nina Sharp and Todd Schwedt are co-founders of Allevalux and have submitted a patent application titled “Methods and Devices for Providing Optimized White Light for Managing Photophobia and Migraine.”

: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Arizona State University (Approval No. STUDY00018233) and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964, and its later amendments. All research participants completed an informed consent process including signing an informed consent document. The informed consent document included information about study findings being published.