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Article History

Received: 11 May 2026

Accepted: 12 June 2026

First Online: 27 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Darin T. Okuda received personal compensation for consulting and advisory services from Amgen, Biogen Inc., Cortechs.ai, EMD Serono, Genentech, Genzyme/Sanofi, Immunic Therapeutics, Moderna, Octave Bioscience, Pfizer, and Zenas BioPharma along with research support from Alexion and Novartis, has issued national and international patents along with pending patents related to other developed technologies, and received royalties for intellectual property licensed by The Board of Regents of The University of Texas System. Crystal M. Wright received personal compensation from EMD Serono, Genentech, and TG Therapeutics. Katy W. Burgess received personal compensation from EMD Serono and Sanofi. Peter V. Sguigna received personal compensation for consulting services from Genentech, EMD Serono, Horizon Therapeutics, Amgen, and Bristol Myers Squibb, and has received research support from Clene Nanomedicine, Genentech, Novartis, and Zenas Biopharma. Olaf Stüve serves on the editorial boards of Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, and he is a section editor for Current Treatment Options in Neurology, has served on data monitoring committees for Genentech-Roche, and Novartis without monetary compensation, has advised Cellarity, Lilly, Octave Bioscience, and Zenas BioPharma, receives grant support from EMD Serono. Tatum M. Moog, Morgan C. McCreary, Isabella J. Huddleston, Jose R. Santoyo, and Diem H. Tran report no disclosures.

: The study was approved by The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Institutional Review Board (STU-072016-012) and has, therefore, been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and later amendments. A waiver for consent was granted based on the retrospective study design.