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Article History

Received: 10 June 2026

Accepted: 10 September 2026

First Online: 6 October 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Kavita Grover has received personal compensation for serving as a consultant for Johnson & Johnson, Amgen, Argenx, Catalyst, Kyverna, and UCB. Martin Cloutier, Porpong Boonmak, Maryia Zhdanava, Anabelle Tardif-Samson, and Yuxi Wang are employees of Analysis Group, Inc., a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson, which funded the development and conduct of this study and manuscript. Geoffroy Coteur is an employee of iPATH Solutions, a consulting company that has provided paid consulting services to Johnson & Johnson. Kavita Gandhi is an employee and may hold stocks for Johnson & Johnson. Antoine C El Khoury was an employee of Johnson & Johnson, Raritan, NJ, USA, at the time when the study was conducted and may hold stock/stock options of Johnson & Johnson.

Ethical Approval: This study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 and its later amendments. The study was considered exempt research under 45 CFR § 46.104(d)(4) as it involved only the secondary use of data that were de-identified in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), specifically, 45 CFR § 164.514. Patient privacy was maintained throughout the study, and all applicable HIPAA requirements for the management of de-identified data were strictly followed. Informed consent to participate was not required because this study used only de-identified secondary data. Consent for publication was also not required because no identifiable patient information is presented.