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Article History

Received: 28 January 2025

Accepted: 25 February 2025

First Online: 19 March 2025

Declarations

:

: Klaus-Friedrich Bodmann has received honoraria from Shionogi, Advanz Pharma, Gilead, Roche, Eli Lilly, and InfectoPharm. Stefan Hagel has received honoraria from Pfizer, MSD, InfectoPharm, Philips, Advanz Pharma, Beckman Coulter, Shionogi, Thermo Fisher, and Tillots. He also participated in advisory boards for Advanz Pharma, Shionogi, and Pfizer. Alessandra Oliva has received honoraria from Advanz Pharma, MSD, InfectoPharm, and Pfizer. She also participated in advisory boards for Advanz Pharma. Stefan Kluge received research support from Cytosorbents and Daiichi Sankyo. He also received lecture fees from ADVITOS, Biotest, CSL Behring, Daiichi Sankyo, Fresenius Medical Care, Gilead, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi, and Zoll. He received consultant fees from ADVITOS, AstraZeneca, Fresenius, Gilead, MSD, and Pfizer. Alessandra Mularoni has received honoraria from Pfizer, Gilead, and Takeda and participated in advisory boards for Takeda and MSD. Marco Falcone received honoraria from Pfizer, Menarini, Gilead, GSK, and Thermo Fisher. Mathias W. Pletz has received honoraria from Pfizer, MSD, Sanofi, Janssen, GSK, AstraZeneca, InfectoPharm, and Shionogi. Jan T. Kielstein received speaker fees from Fresenius Medical Care, BAXTER, and DiaMed. Carlo Tascini has received honoraria from Angelini, InfectoPharm, Menarini, Correvio, Merck, Viatris, Pfizer, Thermo Fisher, Diasorin, and Biomérieux. He also participated in advisory boards for Pfizer, Viatris, and Thermo Fisher. Claudia Spies participated in advisory boards for Takeda and Lynx Health Science. Alessandra Bandera has received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Biomérieux, Qiagen, Janssen-Cilag, and Nordic Pharma. She has also participated in advisory boards for Viiv Healthcare, Sobi, Gilead, and Angelini Pharma. Matthias G. Vossen received consulting fees and honoraria for educational talks from Astro Pharma. Abhijit M. Bal is an investigator in the UKAR trial and PROVE trial. Thomas Borrmann and Christian Mayer are employees of InfectoPharm, Heppenheim, Germany. Valentina Galfo, Simone Lindau, Nadja Käding, Michael Zoller, Sebastian Kintrup, Dirk Schädler, Francesco G. De Rosa, Szilvia Radnoti, Roberto Luzzati, Sam Allen, Loredana Sarmati, Antonio Cascio, Nikolaos Kapravelos, Chinari P. K. Subudhi, George Dimopoulos, Mario Venditti, and Claudio M. Mastroianni have nothing to declare.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 (and its amendments) and was approved by all ethics committees or other authorities according to national/local requirements (Supplementary Table S13). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or the patient’s legally acceptable representative before any study-specific activity was performed. In Austria, an informed consent waiver was approved for patients who were incapacitated.