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Article History

Received: 28 February 2025

Accepted: 1 April 2025

First Online: 25 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Jens Gottlieb reports grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), grants from Zambon, grants from German Center of Lung Research (DZL), personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Astra Zeneca, personal fees from CSL Behring, personal fees from Sanofi, and personal fees from Astra Zeneca, outside the submitted work. He served as a member of the SCAN CLAD Study data safety monitoring board DSMB as a nonfinancial disclosure. He received personal fees for advisory/ consultancy from Moderna. Julian Witte and Manuel Batram are employed by Vandage and own shares of Vandage GmbH. Kylie Braegelmann, Jana Diekmannshemke, and Markus Weinert are employed by Vandage. Vandage has received payments from Moderna, Alexion, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck and Co., Pfizer, PTC Therapeutics, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Pasteur, Seqirus, and Viatris and consulting fees and grants from AOK Rheinland/Hamburg, BARMER, DAK-Gesundheit, German G-BA, and Techniker Krankenkasse. Stefan Scholz, Darshan Mehta, Bernhard Ultsch, and Kristina Dobrindt are employees of Moderna, Inc. and hold stock/stock options in the company.

: Our study used a retrospective cohort design and was conducted following applicable subject privacy requirements and the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki Analyses were based on claims data covering the period 2010–2022. As the study did not gather patient or individual-level data or involve any interventions, formal ethical approval was not sought, and informed consent was not applicable.