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Article History

Received: 27 April 2025

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 18 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Barbara Polistena received payments or fees for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the following commercial sources: Allergan, Amgen, Astellas, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag, Nestlé HS, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Servier, Takeda, Teva; in addition she received consulting fees from UCB. Fabio Midulla received payments or fees for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the following commercial sources: AstraZeneca, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi. Giovanni Sotgiu received payments or fees for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the following commercial sources: AZ, INSMED, Pfizer, Quiagen. Daniela d’Angela received payments or fees for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the following commercial sources: Allergan, Amgen, Astellas, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag, Nestlé HS, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Servier, Takeda, Teva. Roberto Di Virgilio is a Pfizer employee. Federico Spandonaro received payments or fees for scientific advisory board lectures, presentations, speaker bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Celgene, Daiichy Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Janssen Cilag, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, Sanofi.

: The article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors; consequently no ethical approval was needed.