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Article History

Received: 16 May 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Matteo Bassetti has received payment or honoraria, and has participated on Data Safety Monitoring Boards or Advisory Boards for Angelini, Cidara, Gilead, Menarini, MSD, Pfizer, Shionogi and Mundipharma, and is an Editorial Board member of Infectious Diseases and Therapy. Matteo Bassetti was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Fatima Cardoso has received consulting fees from Amgen, Astellas/Medivation, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, GE Oncology, Genentech, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Iqvia, Macrogenics, Medscape, Merck-Sharp, Merus BV, Mylan, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre-Fabre, prIME Oncology, Roche, Sanofi, Samsung Bioepis, Seagen, Teva and Touchime. Vanessa Carter has received a grant from bioMérieux, received consulting fees from the Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (CIDRAP), the University of Cape Town, TB HIV Care, the South African Heart Association, the South African Transplant Society, the International Pediatrics Association, Malcolm Lyons and Brivik Attorneys, and TB Proof South Africa, received payment or honoraria from Cepheid, bioMérieux, Menarini, Pfizer, NHS Wales, the SA Association of Hospital Industry Pharmacists (SAAHIP), the AMR Patient Group EU, BioCodex, the Fleming Initiative/Imperial College, CARB-X 2024, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Reckitt South Africa, the Institute for Infections & Immunity at St George’s University of London, Roche, the Association de gestion du musée de Sciences Biologiques Dr Mérieux, the Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases in Johannesburg, Manchester University and Medscape, support for attending meetings from British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC), the Fleming Initiative, the European Patients Forum and the WHO, held leadership or fiduciary roles in the Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Prescribing, Resistance, and Healthcare-Associated Infection (APRHAI) committee, WHO Task Force of AMR Survivors, WHO-STAG, the AMR Narrative and the Commonwealth Pharmacy Association, and received equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Metro UK. Oliver A. Cornely has received grants or contracts from iMi, iHi, DFG, BMBF, Cidara, DZIF, EU-DG RTD, F2G, Gilead, MedPace, MSD, Mundipharma, Octapharma, Pfizer and Scynexis, received consulting fees from Abbvie, AiCuris, Basilea, Biocon, Cidara, Seqirus, Gilead, GSK, IQVIA, Janssen, Matinas, MedPace, Menarini, Molecular Partners, MSG-ERC, Mundipharma, Noxxon, Octapharma, Pardes, Partner Therapeutics, Pfizer, PSI, Scynexis, Seres, Elion Therapeutics and Melinta, received payment or honoraria from Abbott, Abbvie, Akademie für Infektionsmedizin, Al-Jazeera Pharmaceuticals/Hikma, amedes, AstraZeneca, Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Gilead, GSK, Grupo Biotoscana/United Medical/Knight, Ipsen Pharma, Medscape/WebMD, MedUpdate, MSD, Moderna, Mundipharma, Noscendo, Paul-Martini-Stiftung, Pfizer, Sandoz, Seqirus, Shionogi, streamedup!, Touch Independent and Vitis, received payment for expert testimony from Cidara, and participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Boston Strategic Partners, Cidara, IQVIA, Janssen, MedPace, PSI, Pulmocide, Shionogi, The Prime Meridian Group, Vedanta Biosciences, AstraZeneca and Melinta. Marco Falcone has received consulting fees from Menarini, Shionogi and Pfizer, and received payment or honoraria from MSD, Menarini, Pfizer and Thermo Fisher. Maddalena Giannella has received payment or honoraria from Shionogi, MSD, Pfizer and Menarini. Paolo Antonio Grossi has received consulting fees from MSD, Takeda, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca and AlloVir, and received payment or honoraria from MSD, Takeda, AstraZeneca and Menarini. Livio Pagano has received a grant or contract from Gilead, received payment or honoraria from Gilead, Jazz, Gentili, Cidara, Pfizer, 2FG, AstraZeneca and Menarini-Stemline, and participated on Data Safety Monitoring Boards or Advisory Boards for Cidara and Pulmocide. Nicola Silvestris has received payment or honoraria from Editree, Effetti, Sanitanova, Vihtali, Aristea, Pharmalex, Agorà, Menarini, Servier, Bristol, Glaxo, Isheo and MSD, received support for attending meetings and/or travel, and has other financial or non-financial interests with the Italian Association of Medical Oncology. Nikolaos V. Sipsas has received payment or honoraria, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Menarini, and has held a leadership or fiduciary role in the Hellenic Society for Infectious Diseases. Alex Soriano had received grants from Gilead Sciences and Pfizer, received consulting fees and payment or honoraria from Pfizer, MSD, Angelini, Shionogi, Gilead and Menarini, received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Pfizer, and is an Editor-in-Chief of Infectious Diseases and Therapy. Alex Soriano was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Pierluigi Viale received consulting fees from Menarini, MSD, Pfizer, Gilead, AstraZeneca, Shionogi and Advanz Pharma, and received payment or honoraria from Gilead, bioMérieux, Pfizer, Shionogi, Menarini and Advanz Pharma. Antonella Cardone, Daniel Gallego and Mario Tumbarello declare no conflicts of interest.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. No new data were generated.