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Authors
Singer, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8008-8003
Horn, Emily K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2491-7134
Wang, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-0148
Wu, Aozhou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7066-0408
La, Elizabeth M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-8961
Gerber, Susan I. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0927-573X
Boland, Joanna https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7858-979X
Betts, Keith A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-7453
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
GSK (VEO-000617)
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 31 August 2025
Declarations
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: David Singer, Emily K. Horn, Elizabeth M. La, and Susan I. Gerber are employed by GSK; David Singer, Emily K. Horn, and Elizabeth M. La hold financial equities in GSK. Yan Wang, Aozhou Wu, Joanna Boland, and Keith A. Betts are employed by Analysis Group, which received funding from GSK to conduct this study.
: This study complied with all applicable laws regarding subject privacy. No direct subject contact or primary collection of individual human subject data occurred. The data are certified as de-identified by an independent statistical expert following Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA; AB-375) statistical de-identification rules and managed according to Optum® customer data use agreements. Access to the database used in this study was granted through agreements established with Optum®. Therefore, informed consent, ethics committee, and institutional review board approval were not required.
