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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 15 September 2025

Declarations

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: Outside of the submitted work, Chiara Dentone received personal fees for advisor/consultant and/or speaker/ chairman from Angelini, Novartis, Gilead, ViiV, MSD, Shinogi, MSD and AstraZeneca. Outside of the submitted work, Matteo Bassetti received funding for scientific advisory boards, travel, and speaker honoraria from Cidara, Gilead, Menarini, MSD, Mundipharma, Pfizer, Shionogi. Outside of the submitted work, Malgorzata Mikulska received grant from Gilead paid to the Institution, and speaker/advisor fees from Allovir, AstraZeneca, BioMérieux, Gilead, Janssen, Moderna, Mundipharma, Pfizer, and Shionogi. Chiara Sepulcri, Claudia Bartalucci, Elisa Balletto, Federica Magné, Michele Mirabella, Silvia Dettori, Martina Bavastro, Carmen Di Grazia, Anna Maria Raiola, Massimiliano Gambella, Valentina Ricucci, Bianca Bruzzone, Sabrina Beltramini, Emanuele Angelucci have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Matteo Bassetti and Malgorzata Mikulska are Editorial Board members of Infectious Diseases and Therapy. Matteo Bassetti and Malgorzata Mikulska were not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the current version of the Declaration of Helsinki, the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP), and national legislation for data protection. The protocol was approved by the hospital’s Committee for Evaluation of Off-label Treatment Studies. All patients signed a dedicated informed consent form for treatment and for data collection, including specifically for research purposes and publications.