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Authors
Colaneri, Marta
Galbussera, Alessia Antonella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0163-1034
Tettamanti, Mauro
Puoti, Massimo
Marchetti, Giulia
Piva, Simone
Plebani, Pierluigi
Raviglione, Mario
Gori, Andrea
Bandera, Alessandra
Nobili, Alessandro
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fondazione Cariplo (2021-4236)
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 7 October 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
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: Alessandra Bandera, Giulia Marchetti received a grant from Gilead for data publication. Alessandra Bandera reports honoraria and payments from AstraZeneca-Biomeriux, Qiagen-Jassen Cilag, and Nordic-Pharma for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, and educational events. Alessandra Bandera has received support for attending meetings and travel from Pfizer-AstraZeneca. Additionally, Alessandra Bandera, Giulia Marchetti participated on Data Safety Monitoring Boards or Advisory Boards for ViiV, Sobi, and Gilead. Pierluigi Plebani has received grants from the European Commission (Horizon Europe Project TEADAL, grant agreement no. 101070186), the Italian Ministry of Health (Health Big Data Project), and the MADE Competence Center for the supervision of the Data Analytics and Cybersecurity area in MADE. Pierluigi Plebani reports honoraria as the Director of the Masters in Cloud and Data Engineering at Cefriel for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing, and educational events. Pierluigi Plebani has provided expert testimony for ATM Spa related to the analysis of their information systems. Additionally, Pierluigi Plebani has held a leadership role as Chair of IFIP WG 2.14/6.12/8.10 from 2017 to 2023. Marta Colaneri, Alessia A. Galbussera, Mauro Tettamanti, Massimo Puoti, Simone Piva, Mario Raviglione, Andrea Gori, and Alessandro Nobili has nothing to disclose.
: According to Italian law, studies using retrospective aggregated data from administrative databases that do not involve direct access by investigators to individual patient data do not require approval, notification from an ethics committee/institutional review board, or patient informed consent. Data access was granted through an agreement between the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS and the Lombardy Welfare Directorate. All data were not identifiable and were handled in compliance with Italian privacy regulations.
