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Authors
Schmidt, Mark A.
Blum, Maxim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1297-4828
Onwuchekwa, Chukwuemeka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-8429
Hu, Weiming https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3310-2794
Poolman, Jan
Verstraeten, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4507-7285
Geurtsen, Jeroen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8234-846X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Johnson and Johnson
Sanofi
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 21 November 2025
Declarations
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: Jeroen Geurtsen and Jan Poolman were employees of Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, when the study was conducted. Jeroen Geurtsen is currently an employee of Sanofi, and Jan Poolman is the founder of and currently self-employed at CreaBacVac B.V. Chukwuemeka Onwuchekwa, Maxim Blum, and Thomas Verstraeten were employees of P95 when the study was conducted; P95 is a company that received consulting fees from Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, and Sanofi. Mark A. Schmidt and Weiming Hu were employees of Kaiser Permanente when the study was conducted but did not receive research funding, honoraria, or financial benefits, including travel, from Janssen, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, or Sanofi.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report and its later amendments. The KPNW Institutional Review Board approved this study (Federal Wide Assurance number: 00002344). Explicit consent to access data was not required, as members of KPNW agree to the use of their medical records for research purposes as part of their membership agreement, unless they specifically request to opt out. Individual-level data were not personally identifiable, and all analytic data sets were handled and stored in compliance with state and federal confidentiality and data protection laws.
