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Authors
Takazono, Takahiro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0696-5386
Kaku, Norihito https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4086-4853
Hosogaya, Naoki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3229-2277
Fukushima, Kiyoyasu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1833-7723
Takao, Ryota https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3247-3120
Iwanaga, Naoki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0680-390X
Izumikawa, Takuya
Kato, Mai
Tajima, Kentaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0438-5588
Ho, Yufan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1943-5533
Yanagihara, Katsunori https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3677-2486
Mukae, Hiroshi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1429-5706
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
GSK
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Article History
Received: 14 November 2025
Accepted: 27 January 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Declarations
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: Takahiro Takazono received research funding from GSK for this study, and lecture fees from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Insmed, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer Inc., and Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd. outside of this study; and is conducting research with bioMérieux Japan Ltd. Norihito Kaku received research funding from GSK for this study. Naoki Hosogaya, Kiyoyasu Fukushima, Ryota Takao, and Naoki Iwanaga have nothing to disclose. Takuya Izumikawa has an advisory contract with Japan Lifeline Co., Ltd. Mai Kato is an employee of GSK. Kentaro Tajima and Yufan Ho are employees of and hold financial equities in GSK. Katsunori Yanagihara received speaker fees (honorarium) from GSK, Pfizer Inc., and bioMérieux Japan Ltd., and research funding from GSK. Hiroshi Mukae received honorarium from GSK.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles derived from the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Participants; international guidelines including the Declaration of Helsinki and Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) International Ethical Guidelines; Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Code of Federal Regulations Title 21; and all applicable regulations and local laws governing research involving human participants. Approval for the study protocol was obtained from the Nagasaki University Hospital Research Ethics Committee (approval number: 23112004). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment, and participants’ personal data were de-identified to the sponsor and retained under local data protection law and privacy legislation.
