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Article History

Received: 28 November 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Paul Laffont-Lozes has received support for attending meetings and/or travel from Shionogi. Romaric Larcher has received consulting fees from MSD, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, or educational events from BioMérieux, MSD, Pfizer and Shionogi, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from BioMérieux, Roche Diagnostics, MSD, Pfizer and Shionogi. Agathe Artiaga has nothing to disclose. Jean-Philippe Lavigne has nothing to disclose. Paul Loubet has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, or educational events from AstraZeneca, GSK, Janssen, MSD, Moderna, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, and Sanofi Pasteur. Albert Sotto has received consulting fees from Besins Healthcare and Karo Pharma, support for attending meetings and/or travel from Pfizer and MSD and participates free of charge on advisory boards of Biofilm Control and CTX Laboratory.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.