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Authors
Gu, Huiqiao
Xie, Xu
Lv, Qiuying
Cui, Yuantian
Lu, Ziyan
Akhmetova, Zaure
Shulgau, Zarina
Huang, Fang
Jiang, Yawen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0498-0662
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFC2310604)
Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. ZDSYS20230626091203007)
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Article History
Received: 29 December 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: Huiqiao Gu, Xu Xie, Qiuying Lv, Yuantian Cui, Ziyan Lu, Zaure Akhmetova, Zarina Shulgau, Fang Huang & Yawen Jiang have declared that no competing interests exist.
: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University (Approval No. 2023(064)). The data used in this study were fully anonymized, and the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee because of the retrospective nature of the study. This study is a retrospective analysis based on existing administrative immunization and disease surveillance data. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. The code used in this study is available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable requests.
