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Article History

Received: 6 November 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 8 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Curtis Cooper: speaker fees from AbbVie and Gilead; advisor for AbbVie and Gilead; unrestricted research and program funding from AbbVie and Gilead. Shweta A. Raina, Lisa Johnson, Liz Uribe, Moming Li, Alexandru Iacob, John Marcinak, and Dimitri Semizarov: employees of AbbVie and may own stock or options. Jordan J. Feld: honoraria/research support from AbbVie, Gilead, and Atea. Ashley Brown: no relevant disclosures. Anthony Martinez: speaking fees from AbbVie, Gilead, Cepheid, Madrigal, Braeburn, and Ipsen; consulting fees from AbbVie, Gilead, Cepheid, Madrigal, Ipsen, Atea, Altimune, and Arbutus; research funding from Cepheid. Brian Conway: speaking fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, GSK, Indivior Canada, Merck, Moderna, Pfizer Canada, Sanofi Pasteur, Sequiris, and ViiV; consulting for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, GSK, Indivior Canada, Merck, Moderna, Sanofi Pasteur, Sequiris, and ViiV; research support from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Gilead, GSK, Indivior Canada, Merck, Moderna, Sanofi Pasteur, Sequiris, and ViiV. Stuart C. Gordon, Tarik Asselah: honoraria/research support from AbbVie, Gilead, and Atea. Stanislas Pol: speaker, consultant, and advisory board member for Janssen, Gilead, Roche, MSD, AbbVie, Biotest, Shinogi, ViiV, and French laboratory of fractionation and biotechnology (LFB); research support from Gilead, AbbVie, Roche, and MSD.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies. Included studies were performed in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines and principles of the Declaration of Helsinki or the laws and regulations of the regions in which the research was done. Studies were approved by the institutional review boards or independent ethics committees of the participating sites. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.