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Authors
Liang, Caihua
Chilson, Erica L.
Wu, Joanne
Kelly, Scott P.
Liu, Qing
Dooling, Kathleen L.
Lino, Maria Maddalena
Lewnard, Joseph A.
Gessner, Bradford D.
Begier, Elizabeth
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Pfizer
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 5 May 2026
First Online: 6 August 2026
Declarations
Conflict of Interest: Caihua Ling, Erica L. Chilson, Joanne Wu, Scott P. Kelly, Qing Liu, Kathleen L. Dooling, Maria Maddalena Lino, and Elizabeth Begier are employees of Pfizer and may hold stock or stock options. Bradford D. Gessner was employed at Pfizer during the study and manuscript development and may have held stock or stock options. Joseph A. Lewnard has received research grants, honoraria, and speaker fees from Pfizer Inc. for related/unrelated work; research grants and honoraria from Merck, Sharp, & Dohme for unrelated work; honoraria from Valneva for unrelated work; consulting fees from Seqirus Inc. for unrelated work; and honoraria from VaxCyte for unrelated work.
Ethical Approval: Ethics committee approval was not required for this study as all data used in this study were derived from published studies cited in this article.
