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Article History

Received: 21 April 2026

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 13 June 2026

Declarations

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: The following authors declare potential conflicts of interest unrelated to the submitted work: Stefan Kluge received research support from Biotest, CytoSorbents, Daiichi Sankyo and Fresenius Medical Care. He also received lecture fees from ADVITOS, bioMérieux GmbH, CSL Behring, Gilead, MSD, Pfizer and Shionogi. He received consultant fees from ADVITOS, Gilead and Pfizer. Stefan Hagel has received honoraria from Pfizer, MSD, InfectoPharm, Philips, Advanz Pharma, Beckman Coulter, Shionogi, Thermo Fisher and Tillots. He also participated in advisory boards for Advanz Pharma, Shionogi and Pfizer. Mathias W. Pletz received grants from Pfizer, consulting fees from Sanofi and Pfizer and honoraria for lectures and presentations from Pfizer, MSD, Sanofi, Janssen, GSK, AstraZeneca, Shionogi, InfectoPharm, bioMérieux and Moderna. He also reports support for attending meetings from Pfizer, MSD, Sanofi, bioMérieux and Shionogi and having participated in advisory boards from bioMérieux, Sanofi, Pfizer, GSK, AstraZeneca, Shionogi, InfectoPharm, Tillotts and Moderna. Claudia Spies participated in advisory boards for Takeda Pharmaceutical, Lynx Health Science GmbH, Mundipharma, PAION Pharma GmbH. Loredana Sarmati received travel grants from Gilead, Merck, Pfizer and Advanz. She also received honoraria for lectures from Merck, Gilead, Abbvie, Angelini, AstraZeneca and GSK. Laura Campogiani received a research grant from Gilead and honoraria for lectures from Menarini, MICOM and Nadirex. She also reports support for attending meetings from Menarini, Shionogi and Pfizer. Matthias G. Vossen received consulting fees and speaker honoraria from Astro Pharma. Klaus-Friedrich Bodmann has received honoraria for lectures from Abbott, Accelerate, Correvio, InfectoPharm, Pfizer, Weber & Weber and Shionogi. Carina Herbst and Christian Mayer are employees of InfectoPharm, Heppenheim, Germany. Dominik Jarczak, Martin Kieninger, Michael Zoller, Sebastian Kintrup, Lukas Antonitsch, Jörg Zundel, Valerio Del Bono, Valentina Galfo, Marco Falcone, Christina Iasonidou, Abhijit M. Bal, George Dimopoulos and Claudio M. Mastroianni have nothing to declare.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1964 (and its amendments) and was approved by the ethics committees or other authorities of the respective participating centres, according to national and local requirements, as described previously [ ]. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or the patient’s legally acceptable representative before any study-specific activity was performed. In Austria, an informed consent waiver was approved for patients who were incapacitated.