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Authors
Newell, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-9242
Vroom, Nikki https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4571-5291
Marques, Cátia
Maslova, Ekaterina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-8119
Khan, Farid L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3754-555X
Ngew, Kok-Yew https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6198-2034
Volkman, Hannah R.
Wang, Chengbin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3415-0122
Hernandez-Villena, Juan V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9006-8380
Aliabadi, Negar
Begier, Elizabeth
Nguyen, Jennifer L.
Dunford, Hollie https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1379-5020
Basu, Somsuvro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5087-6615
Antón, Andrés https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1476-0815
Otero-Romero, Susana
Casas, Irma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-5777
Martró, Elisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2867-6649
Grüner, Beate
Icardi, Giancarlo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8463-8487
Martinón-Torres, Federico https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-581X
Mira-Iglesias, Ainara https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-8229
Oñoro-López, Carlos M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-3597
Orrico-Sánchez, Alejandro
Parés-Badell, Oleguer https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-7550
Gleiber, Wolfgang
Torres, Antoni
Bollaerts, Kaatje https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-0527
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García, Carlos Fernández
Sánchez, Brenda Marquina
Labrador, F. Xavier López
Chuliá, Beatriz Mengual
Pérez, Laura Cano
Esteban, Sandra García
Carballido-Fernández, Mario
Balaguer, Mª Dolores Tirado
Herrero, Francisco Sanz
Cardona, Concepción Gimeno
Mochon, María Dolores Ocete
Caplliure, Ana Pineda
Enguidanos, Juan Alberola
Miñana, Juanjo Camarena
Varea, Ángel Belenguer
Macias, Olalla Martínez
Benavent, Maruan Shalabi
Zaragozí, Francisco José Arjona
Yagüe, David Panisello
Hesketh-Best, Poppy J.
Casañ, Cristina
Saludes, Verónica
Cardona, Pere‑Joan
Blanco, Beatriz
Valera, Julia
Pérez, Erika
Vergés, Cristina Andrés
del Amo Moran, Eva
Castiñeiras, Gema Barbeito
Huang, Ouhao Zhu
Collazo, Lorenzo Redondo
Perez, Andres Muy
Casteleiro, Angela Manzanares
Calle, Irene Rivero
Dacosta-Urbieta, Ana
Peromingo, Jose Antonio Diaz
Fontan, Paula Pesqueira
Castro, Sonia Molinos
Nuñez, Nuria Rodriguez
Noya, Amara Gonzalez
Sanchez, Carmen Rodriguez-Tenreiro
Mourelle, Ana Pastoriza
Bellas, Ana Cotovad
Riveira, Paula Otero
Puga, Miriam Taboada
Fondo, Andres Amado
López, Jose Ramón Arribas
Arroyo, Almudena Gutiérrez
Vas, David Grandioso
Arriagada, Marcial Cariqueo
Orsi, Andrea
Panatto, Donatella
Domnich, Alexander
Minet, Carola
Trombetta, Carlo Simone
Garzillo, Giada
Mosca, Stefano
Callegaro, Annapaola
Pariani, Elena
Orsi, Giovanni Battista
Torsello, Alessandra
Chironna, Maria
Centrone, Francesca
Manini, Ilaria
Montomoli, Emanuele
Rizzo, Caterina
Baglivo, Francesco
König, Patrick
Naka, Tonio
Peters, Lynn
Trif, Nicoleta-Raluca
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Pfizer
AstraZeneca
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2026
Accepted: 17 June 2026
First Online: 7 July 2026
Declarations
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: Katherine Newell, Nikki Vroom, Kok-Yew Ngew, Juan V. Hernandez-Villena, Hollie Dunford, Somsuvro Basu, and Kaatje Bollaerts are employed by P95. Kaatje Bollaerts has received consulting fees from Pfizer for conducting this study, may own P95 stocks, and reported consulting fees from AstraZeneca, CEPI, GSK, Pfizer, Valneva, and WHO. She also reported book royalties. Cátia Marques, Farid L. Khan, Hannah R. Volkman, Negar Aliabadi, Elizabeth Begier, and Jennifer L. Nguyen are employed by Pfizer and may own Pfizer stocks or stock options. Ekaterina Maslova and Chengbin Wang are employed by AstraZeneca and may own AstraZeneca stocks or stock options. Susana Otero-Romero declares consulting fees from Moderna and Sanofi, honoraria from AstraZeneca and GSK, and support from Pfizer for meeting attendance and travel. Irma Casas reports support from GSK and Pfizer for meeting attendance and travel. Elisa Martró reports grants/contracts and support for meeting attendance and travel from Gilead Sciences. Giancarlo Icardi, coordinator of the CIRI-IT network, received funding from P95 via id.DRIVE for the study. Federico Martinón-Torres reports grants/contracts paid to his institution from GSK, Pfizer, and Sanofi-AstraZeneca; consulting or advisory fees from GSK, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, MSD, Seqirus, Biofabri, and AstraZeneca; and support for meeting attendance and travel from Pfizer, MSD, GSK, and Sanofi. He is also a member of the European Technical Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization, coordinator of the Spanish Pediatric Critical Trials Network, and coordinator of the WHO collaborating Center for Vaccine Safety of Santiago de Compostela. He is a principal investigator in randomised controlled trials of Ablynx, Abbott, Seqirus, Sanofi Pasteur MSD, Sanofi Pasteur, Cubist, Wyeth, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, Regeneron, Jansen, MedImmune, Novavax, Novartis, and GSK, with honoraria paid to his institution. Ainara Mira-Iglesias, co-PI from VAHNSI (FISABIO), reports that her foundation received funding from P95 via id.DRIVE for the study. Her institution also received a grant from the Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology via the Global Influenza Hospital Surveillance Network (GIHSN) for VAHNSI surveillance. Alejandro Orrico-Sánchez, co-PI from VAHNSI (FISABIO), reports that his foundation received funding from P95 through id.DRIVE for the study. Antoni Torres reports consulting fees and honoraria from Jansen OM Pharma, MSD, Pfizer, and Polyphor. The other authors (Andrés Antón, Beate Grüner, Carlos M. Oñoro-López, Oleguer Parés-Badell, and Wolfgang Gleiber) report no conflicts of interest.
: This study was performed in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All data were pseudonymised prior to analysis and processed in accordance with the European Union General Data Protection Regulation [GDPR; Regulation (EU) 2016/679]. The id.DRIVE surveillance protocol (EUPAS1000000012) was approved by independent ethics committees (IECs) at all participating hospitals or hospital networks: Comitato Etico Regionale della Liguria (Genoa); Comité Ético de Investigación con Medicamentos del Departamento de Salud Arnau de Vilanova (Valencia); Comité Ético de Investigación con Medicamentos del Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron (Barcelona); Comité de Ética de la Investigación con Medicamentos del Hospital Universitario La Paz; Ethikkommission des Fachbereichs Medizin der Goethe-Universität (Frankfurt); Ethikkommission Ulm. Individuals (or their legally acceptable representative) provided informed consent when applicable. Waiver of informed consent was authorised by local IECs for retrospective data collection for Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, and Vall d'Hebron, as the tests carried out and information collected were part of routine clinical practice and epidemiological surveillance.
