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Article History

Received: 25 April 2026

Accepted: 24 June 2026

First Online: 8 July 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Maria Vittoria Cossu reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, or education events from Gilead and ViiV; Davide Moschese reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or education events from Gilead and ViiV; Cristina Gervasoni reports personal fees from MSD, ViiV, Gilead, and Janssen-Cilag; Agostino Riva reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or education events from Gilead and ViiV; Andrea Giacomelli reports consulting fees from Mylan and Janssen-Cilag; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Gilead and ViiV; payment for expert testimony from Jansen; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Gilead, ViiV, and MSD; Andrea Gori reports grants or contracts from ViiV, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Gilead; consulting fees from ViiV, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Novartis; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from ViiV, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Novartis; support for attending meetings and/or travel from ViiV, Gilead, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, and Novartis. Maddalena Matone, Letizia Oreni, Giorgia Carrozzo, Andrea Poloni, and Giacomo Pozza have nothing to disclose. Laura Albini and Gabriele Forcina are employees of, and hold stock in, Gilead Sciences. Role of sponsor: The study protocol was developed by the sponsor and submitted to the Ethics Committee. Data were collected as part of routine clinical practice and extracted from the institutional database (dbSacco). Data extraction and statistical analyses were performed exclusively by the investigators. The manuscript was drafted by the authors. The sponsor was given the opportunity to review the manuscript for accuracy prior to submission but had no role in data analysis, interpretation of the results, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Ethical Approval: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the local Ethics Committee (protocol no. CET 256–2024). Given the retrospective design and the use of anonymised data, the requirement for informed consent was waived. Patient consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and anonymised data collection.