Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 19 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Sait Ashina, MD, has served as a consultant and/or advisory board member or has received honoraria from Allergan/AbbVie, Amgen, Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly and Company, Impel NeuroPharma, Novartis, Satsuma, Supernus, Percept, Pfizer, Teva, and Theranica. Elizabeth Johnston, PharmD, is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. E. Jolanda Muenzel, MD, Ph.D., is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Gilwan Kim, PharmD, is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Dawn C. Buse, Ph.D., has received research support from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Headache Foundation; she serves as consultant, advisory board member or has received honoraria or research support from AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, Eli Lilly and Company, Lundbeck, Novartis, and Teva and Theranica. Michael L. Reed, Ph.D., has received research support from the National Headache Foundation; he serves as a consultant and/or advisory board member or has received honoraria or research support from AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories (Promius), and Eli Lilly and Company. Robert E. Shapiro, MD, Ph.D., serves as consultant and/or advisory board member or has received honoraria or research support from Eli Lilly and Company, AbbVie, Theranica, and Lundbeck. Susan Hutchinson, MD, has consulted for and/or spoken at or received honoraria from Alder/Lundbeck, AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, Currax, electroCore, Eli Lilly and Company, Impel, Novartis, Teva, Theranica, and Upsher-Smith. Anthony Zagar, MS, is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Robert A. Nicholson, Ph.D., is an employee and minor stockholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Richard B. Lipton, MD, has received research support from the National Institutes of Health, the FDA, and the National Headache Foundation. He serves as a consultant or advisory board member or has received honoraria or research support from AbbVie/Allergan, Amgen, Biohaven, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories (Promius), electroCore, Eli Lilly and Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Lundbeck, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Teva, Vector, and Vedanta Research. He receives royalties from Wolff’s Headache, eighth edition (Oxford University Press, 2009) and Informa. He holds stock/options in Axon, Biohaven, CoolTech, and Manistee Health.

: The study was approved by Sterling Institutional Review Board (IRB ID #6425–001) and the participants provided informed consent prior to the start of the study. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments.