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Authors
Zhu, Changsen
Xu, Yiyi
Lin, Zhenping
Xu, Weibang
Chen, Zhuoming
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: Changsen Zhu, Yiyi Xu, Zhenping Lin, Weibang Xu, and Zhuoming Chen declare that they have nothing to disclose.
: This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its later amendments. The CHARLS survey items were approved by the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Committee, and all participants were required to sign an informed consent form. The ethics approval number is IRB00001052-11015.
