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Article History

Received: 3 September 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Johnathan H. Goree is a consultant for Abbott, Saluda Medical, and Stratus Medical; and has received research funding from SPR Therapeutics and Mainstay Medical. Harold Nijhuis is a consultant for Saluda Medical and Abbott. Gregory L. Smith is a consultant for Saluda Medical and SPR Therapeutics. Erika A. Petersen has received research support from Mainstay, Medtronic, Nalu, Neuros Medical, Nevro Corp, ReNeuron, SPR, and Saluda, as well as personal fees from Abbott Neuromodulation, Biotronik, Medtronic Neuromodulation, Nalu, Neuros Medical, Nevro, Presidio Medical, Saluda, and Vertos; and holds stock options from SynerFuse and neuro42. Jason E. Pope is a consultant for Abbott, Medtronic, Saluda, Flowonix, SpineThera, PainTEQ, Vertos, Vertiflex, SPR Therapeutics, Tersera, Aurora, Spark, Ethos, Flowonix, Biotronik, Mainstay, WISE, Boston Scientific, Thermaquil, and SpineThera; has received grant/research support from Abbott, Flowonix, Saluda, Aurora, PainTEQ, Ethos, Muse, Boston Scientific, SPR Therapeutics, Mainstay, Vertos, AIS, and Thermaquil; and is a shareholder for Vertos, SPR Therapeutics, PainTEQ, Aurora, Spark, Celeri Health, Neural Integrative Solutions, Pacific Research Institute, Thermaquil, Saluda, Abbott, SpineThera, and Axonics. Ajay B. Antony is a consultant to Abbott, Boston Scientific, Saluda, Vertos, and PainTEQ, and has funded research with Abbott, Boston Scientific, Saluda, Nalu, PainTEQ, and Viadisc. Chau M. Vu is a consultant for Saluda Medical and PainTEQ. Dawood Sayed reports personal fees and stock options from Mainstay, SPR Therapeutics, PainTEQ, and Vertos, and stock options from Neuralace and Surgentec. Christopher M. Lam reports no conflicts of interest. Usman Latif is a consultant to Abbott, Brixton Biosciences, InFormed Consent, Nalu, Nevro, Saluda Medical, Spinal Simplicity, SPR, Stryker, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Vertos Medical, Vivex Biologics, and WISE; an advisory board member for Abbott, InFormed Consent, Nalu, Nevro, Saluda Medical, Spinal Simplicity, Vertos Medical, and Vivex Biologics; has funded research with Mainstay Medical, Nalu, Spinal Simplicity, and Vivex Biologics; and has stock or stock options with InFormed Consent and Spinal Simplicity. Shrif J. Costandi reports receiving grants from Saluda Medical, Vertos, Mainstay, and Vivex. Paul Verrills is a consultant at Saluda Medical, Nalu Medical, Abbott, and Biotronik. Lalit Venkatesan, Weirong Ge, and Ian Gould are employed by Saluda Medical. Jan Willem Kallewaard is on the advisory board for Saluda Medical, Medtronic, and Boston Scientific.

: The study was designed, implemented and reported in accordance with the ICH Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice, with applicable local regulations, and with the ethical principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee and/or Institutional Review Board (IRB) for EVOKE (NCT02924129), ECAP (NCT04319887), BRIGHTON (ACTRN12618001808235), DR (DR-UK: ISRCTN27710516; DR-NL: NL7889; DR-DE: NCT05272137), DURABILITY (NCT04627974), and Neural Panel (NCT06229470) studies. All patients provided written (signed) informed consent prior to participation in the study.