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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Charles E. Argoff received royalties or licenses from Cambridge University Press and Elsevier; received consulting fees from Collegium, Gene Pharma, Ironwood, Lundbeck, Nevro, Rapport, Scilex, Tris Pharma, and Vertex; received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from AbbVie, Amgen, Averitas, Biohaven, Impel, and Lundbeck; received payment for expert testimony for Imperatore vs HSS; and participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Nevro and ShiraTronics. Roberto Ciccocioppo received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Tris Pharma. He also received honoraria as a consultant from Omeros Corp. and from Zambon Biotech. David Fam is an employee of Tris Pharma. Jeffrey Gudin received an in-kind grant from the National Institutes of Health National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences; received consulting fees from Acertis, Collegium, Hisamitsu America, Sanofi, and Tris Pharma; payment for expert testimony on various personal injury cases; participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Haisco; and received stock or stock options from Virpax Pharma. James Hackworth is an employee of Tris Pharma. Emanuela Offidani is an employee of Tris Pharma. Jim Potenziano is an employee of Tris Pharma.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.