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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 10 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Magdalena Anitescu reports that a research grant for the present study was made to her institution from Boston Scientific, which has also received fellowship funds from Medtronic and Abbott. She has received consulting fees from Medtronic, Abbott, and Boston Scientific. James North received funding from Boston Scientific for data collection for the present study and has participated on an advisory board for Boston Scientific. Sayed Wahezi has received consulting fees from Boston Scientific and TENEX, paid to his company and to his institution. His company also received honoraria from Boston Scientific, as well as financial support for attending meetings from ASRA and AAPM. He currently holds four separate patents, and is an unpaid board member for ASRA and AAPM. Ajay Antony has received consulting fees from Abbott, Boston Scientific, Saluda, Painteq, Stryker, IZI Medical, and SPR, as well as research support from Boston Scientific, Vivex, Saluda, SPR, and Brixton Bioscience. Tim Leier has received consulting fees, honoraria, and support for attending meetings from Boston Scientific. Drew Trainor has received royalties from Promethean Medical, consulting fees from Boston Scientific and Saluda, and research support from Boston Scientific, Saluda, NALU and Sprint SPR. Gregory Moore received research support from Boston Scientific, Abbott, Nalu, Aurora Spine, and Vivex. He has also received honoraria for consulting from Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Abbott, Nalu, and Aurora Spine, participated on advisory boards for Boston Scientific and Medtronic, and is an equity/shareholder for Aurora Spine. Jennifer Lee has received consulting fees from Boston Scientific, honoraria from the Pacific Spine & Pain Society and Women Innovators in Pain Management, and financial support for attending meetings from the Veterans Administration and Puget Sound. She has also participated on an advisory board for Boston Scientific and is on the board of the Pacific Spine & Pain Society. Derron Wilson received financial support for the present study from Boston Scientific, as well as consulting fees and financial support for research from Boston Scientific, Abbott, and Saluda Medical. He has also received honoraria for a Speakers Bureau from Abbott, and financial support for attending meetings from Abbott and Saluda Medical. Virginie Van Belleghem and Edward Goldberg are employees of Boston Scientific and BSC stockholders. Eric Loudermilk, Julio Paez, and John Noles report no conflicts of interest.

: Each site obtained ethical approval (Table  ), and the study was conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practices (ISO14155) guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. This ongoing study will continue until all subjects have completed their 5-year follow-up visits. Patients were enrolled between February 10, 2021 and November 16, 2023, and provided signed informed consent before screening.