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Article History

Received: 20 February 2025

Accepted: 24 April 2025

First Online: 28 May 2025

Declarations

:

: Masayuki Ohnaka: Speaker (Bayer, Chugai, Novartis, Santen and Senju); Yoichi Sakurada: None; Atsushi Hayashi: Research (Nitto medic, Senju, Bayer, Kowa, Chugai, Alcon, R. E. medical, AMO Japan, AbbVie, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Santen, Siemens, Tsumura, and Ellex), Funding (AMO Japan, Alcon, Hoya, and Santen). Kazuaki Kadonosono: Funding (Alcon, Chugai, Hoffman-La Roche, Hoya, Kowa, Kyowa medical, R.E. Medical Santen, Senju); Hitoshi Ohno: Funding (Allergan Japan, Senju, Novartis, Bayer for clinical trial); Ryusaburo Mori: Speaker (Bayer, Senju, Chugai, Santen, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyowa Kirin); Hidetaka Matsumoto: Speaker (Novartis, Chugai, Bayer, Santen, and Senju), Research (Novartis and Bayer); Ippei Nagamori: Novartis employee; Yuki Murata: Novartis employee; Tina Maio-Twofoot: Novartis employee; Helene Karcher: Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland. Ex-Novartis employee and shareholder; Hidenori Takahashi: Funding (Kyowa Kirin, Novartis, Bayer, and Linical), Personal interest (DeepEyeVision), Consultant (Boehringer Ingelheim), Consultant and speaker (Santen, Bayer, Senju, Boehringer Ingelheim, MSD, Chugai, Hoya, Novartis, Nikon TBC).

: This study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, and its later amendments. The study was approved by an ethics committee at each study center (Kansai Medical University Hospital: 2021267; Toyama University: R2021136; University of Yamanashi Hospital: 2553; Yokohama City University: F220600027; Jichi Medical University: 22-034; Chofu Eye Clinic: LIN08548; Nihon University Hospital: 20220109; Gumna University Hospital: IRB2021-055(1946)). Patient consent: All subjects provided informed consent to participate in the study.