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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 23 June 2025

First Online: 29 August 2025

Declarations

:

: David M. Brown reports consultancy fees/honoraria from AbbVie, Alexion, Annexon, Apellis, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Clearside, Heidelberg, Kodiak, Kowa, Merit, Novartis, Ocular Therapeutix, Ocuphire, OPTOS, Ray Therapeutics, Regeneron, RetinAI, Samsung Bioepis, SciNeuro, Senju, Stealth, THEA, Topcon, Voiant, and Xequel; institutional research grants from AffaMed, Alcon, Alexion, Allergan, Amgen, Annexon, Apellis, Astellas, Bayer, BIRC, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chengdu Kanghong, Clearside, Eyebiotech, EyePoint, Roche, Gemini, Genentech, Graybug Vision, Gyroscope, Heidelberg, i-Lumen, IONIS, Kodiak, LumiThera, MeiraGTx, Mylan, NGM, Novartis, Ocular Therapeutix, Ocuphire, OcuTerra, Opthea, OPTOS, Outlook Therapeutics, OXULAR, Regeneron, RegenXBio, Rezolute, SamChunDang, Samsung, Sandoz, Santen, SciFluor, Senju, Shanghai Henlius, Stealth, Taiwan Liposome Company, ThromboGenics, Xbrane, and Zeiss; and stock options for Adverum, Clearside, and Ocuphire. Sebastian Wolf reports consultancy fees from BCN Peptides, Celltrion, La Science, Novartis, Oculis, and Priothera. Andras Papp is a consultant for Akceso Advisors, Apobiologix/Apotex, Bayer, Formycon, Novartis, Ocular Therapeutix, and Teva; has received travel grants from Novartis and Roche; and his department has been involved in the conduct of several studies sponsored by Allergan, Altos Biologics, Alvotech, Amgen, Bayer, Bioeq, Celltrion, Inc., Chengdu Kanghong, Clearside Biomedical, Eyebiotech Ltd, Genentech, Intas Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Oculis, Ophthea, Ophthotech/Iveric Bio, Qilu, Regeneron, Roche, Sam Chun Dang Pharm. Co. Ltd., Samsung Bioepis, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Inc., ThromboGenics, and Xbrane. Rohan Chauhan has received clinical research grants from Alvotech, Biocon, Intas Biopharma, Lambda Therapeutics, Lupin Ltd, Mylan (part of Viatris), Oculis Pharma, and Reliance Life Sciences. Min Sagong has been a consultant for and receives grant support and lecture fees from Alcon, Allergan/AbbVie, Bayer, Celltrion, Curacle, Novartis, PharmAbcine, Roche, and Samsung Bioepis; and receives grant support from Alteogen, Kyowa Kirin, Janssen, Johnson & Johnson, Opthea Therapeutics, and Sam Chun Dang. Sunghyun Kim, YunJu Bae, and Suyoung Kim are employees of Celltrion, Inc. and hold stocks and stock options in Celltrion, Inc. Youngmin Bae, Dain Son, Hyejin Kang, and Sujin Choi are employees of Celltrion, Inc. Paulo-Eduardo Stanga has a consultancy agreement with Celltrion, Inc. Milan Veselovsky, Miroslav Veith, Shobhana Mange, Lakshmi Kanta Mondal, Dominika Romanczak, Ladislav Janco, Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Alena Eremina, and Jaroslava Dusova have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

: The study was performed in accordance with Good Clinical Practice, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and relevant country-specific regulatory requirements. Independent ethics committees and institutional review boards at each site prospectively approved the study materials (Table in Supplementary Material), and all patients provided written, informed consent for study participation.