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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 14 November 2025

Declarations

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: Bernadette Warren has participated in small projects with Bayer, AbbVie, and Roche that are unrelated to this publication. Michael Donohoe has received personal speaking/consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Health Union, Servier (Global), and he has also received a #dedoc voices scholarship. Sobha Sivaprasad has received research grants from Allergan, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Opthea, Optos, and Roche, and attended advisory board meetings of Allergan, Apellis, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Oculis, Opthea, Optos, Oxurion and Roche. Charles C. Wykoff reports consultancy for 4DMT, AbbVie, ADARx, Adverum, Aerie, Alcon, Alimera Sciences, Alkeus, Allgenesis, AMC Sciences, Annexon Biosciences, Apellis, Ascidian, Aviceda Therapeutics, Bausch + Lomb, Bayer, BioCryst, Bionic Vision Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chengdu Kanghong, CURACLE, Emmecell, EyeBiotech, EyePoint, Frontera, Genentech, InGel, Iveric Bio, Janssen, Kiora Pharmaceuticals, Kodiak, Kowa, Merck, Merit, Nanoscope, Neurotech, NGM, Novartis, Oak Bay Biosciences, Ocular Therapeutix, Ocuphire, OcuTerra, OLLIN, ONL Therapeutics, Opthea, Osanni Bio, Oxular, Palatin, Perceive Bio, Perfuse, Ray, Recens Medical, Regeneron, Regenxbio, RetinAI, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Santen, SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals, Skyline, Stealth, Suzhou Raymon, Sylentis, TCG Crossover, Thea, Therini Bio, VH401 (Valo Health, Inc), Visgenx, and Zeiss. Received financial support from 4DMT, AbbVie, Adverum, AffaMed, Alexion, Alimera Sciences, Allgenesis, Amgen, Annexin, Annexon Biosciences, Apellis, Ascidian, AsclepiX, Aviceda Therapeutics, Avirmax, Bayer, Beacon (formerly AGTC), Boehringer Ingelheim, Chengdu Origen, Clearside, CURACLE, Eluminex, EyeBiotech, EyePoint, Genentech, Gyroscope, IONIS, Iveric bio, Janssen, Kalaris, Kodiak, Kyoto DDD, Kyowa Kirin, Nanoscope, Neurotech, NGM, Novartis, Ocugen, Ocular Therapeutix, Oculis, Ocuphire, OcuTerra, Opthea, Outlook Therapeutics, Oxular, Oxurion, Oyster Point, Perceive Bio, Priovant Therapeutics, Pykus, Regeneron, Regenxbio, Rezolute, Roche, Shanghai Henlius, Stealth, Skyline, and Valo. Personal financial interest in InGel, ONL, Osanni, Panther, PolyPhotonix, Recens Medical, TissueGen, Visgenx, and Vitranu.

: This article is based on discussions with two patients and two retina specialists in the context of previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.