Document is current

Article History

Received: 23 September 2025

Accepted: 30 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Gerd Uwe Auffarth reports lecture fees and research grants from Johnson & Johnson Vision, Alcon Laboratories, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Hoya Corp, Kowa Co, Ltd, Oculentis GmbH/Teleon, Physiol S.A., Rayner Intraocular Lenses Ltd, Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Ophtec BV, Santen, Sifi Medtech Srl, Acu Focus Inc, Novartis, Ursapharm, and Biotech; nonfinancial support from Rheacell, Contamac, Cristalens, Croma, EyeYon, Hanita, and VSY, outside the submitted work. Victor A. Augustin reports research grants from Kowa Co. and nonfinancial support from Roche, outside the submitted work. Ramin. Khoramnia reports grants, lecture fees, and nonfinancial support from Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., Rayner, 1stQ, and Alcon Laboratories Inc.; grants and lecture fees from Hoya Corporation and PhysIOL; lecture fees and nonfinancial support from Teleon, and lecture fees from Santen, Acufocus, Ophtec, and Bausch & Lomb outside the submitted work. Lizaveta Chychko, Hyeck-Soo Son, Sonja K Schickhardt, and Volker Daniel have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose.

: This study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of the University of Heidelberg and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, and its later amendments.