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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Mohamed Elalfy and Mayank Nanavaty report no conflicts of interest in this work. Andrew Hopkinson is the chief scientific officer and director of NuVision. This review was conceived and constructed by A.H. in his academic capacity. To reduce bias, all authors independently screened and cross-checked sources in their independent clinical roles, prespecified balanced coverage of favourable, neutral and negative findings, and iteratively revised the manuscript to ensure a neutral tone and statements proportionate to evidence strength. NuVision Biotherapies had no role in literature selection, evidence appraisal, data interpretation, figure/table design or decisions to include conflicting or negative studies.

: This narrative review is based entirely on previously published literature and does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the authors. Ethics compliance is therefore not applicable.