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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 25 November 2025

First Online: 15 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Antonio Ballesteros-Sánchez is an Editorial Board member of Ophthalmology and Therapy . Antonio Ballesteros-Sánchez was not involved in the selection of peer reviewers for the manuscript nor any of the subsequent editorial decisions. Joan Gispets, Aurora Torrents, and Hanan Haulani declare that they have no conflict of interest relevant to the content of this article.

: This was an observational, cross-sectional study involving face-to-face surveys, which was approved by the Medication Research Ethics Committee of the Fundació Assistencial Mútua Terrassa in March 2023 (ID: P/23-002/Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya). The study fulfilled all the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medication Research Ethics Committee of the Fundació Assistencial Mútua Terrassa in March 2023 (ID: P/23-002/Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya). Before initiating the study, informed and written consent was obtained from each patient.

: This study did not employ any proprietary or copyrighted assessment tools or scales that require special permissions for use. All methodologies and measurement instruments used are either original to this study or fall within the public domain.