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Article History

Received: 7 October 2025

Accepted: 26 November 2025

First Online: 8 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors (Andreas F. Borkenstein, Eva-Maria Borkenstein, Anton Kolesnik, and Boris Malyugin) declare that they have no competing interests. All authors have no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

: The article is exempt from ethical committee approval as it was a retrospective case series based solely on the evaluation of anonymized intraoperative and biometric data from routine clinical cases that have been performed already. The intraoperative volumes of aspirated fluid and injected or removed silicone oil used in this analysis were part of routine surgical documentation and were not measured specifically for research purposes. Since the first publication of the VIVEX formula in 2024, this systematic documentation has been routinely implemented in our unit to facilitate clinical evaluation of individualized vitreous volume estimation. Therefore, no additional interventions or procedures beyond standard clinical care were performed. All patients had provided written informed consent at the time of surgery for the procedure itself and for the optional anonymized use of their clinical and intraoperative data for quality assurance and evaluative purposes. However, as this case series was conducted retrospectively, no study-specific consent was obtained, and only anonymized routine data already documented in the medical record were analyzed.