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Authors
Yang, Shu
Ren, Dazhuang
Li, Chang
Yang, Zhangrong
Hou, Xiaoyun
Zhao, Cece
Niu, Lejia
Li, Zhiqing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1068-8569
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-3-004A-2)
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Article History
Received: 25 October 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
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: Shu Yang, Dazhuang Ren, Chang Li, Zhangrong Yang, Xiaoyun Hou, Cece Zhao, Lejia Niu, and Zhiqing Li confirm that they have no competing interests to declare.
: The observational pilot study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital (Approval No. 2023KY(L)-46) and conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.
