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Article History

Received: 9 October 2025

Accepted: 17 December 2025

First Online: 26 January 2026

Declarations

:

: John A. Hovanesian reports serving as a consultant to Bausch + Lomb. Eva Liang reports serving as a consultant to Bausch + Lomb. Neel R. Desai reports serving as a speaker/consultant for Alcon, Bausch + Lomb, Biotissue, Dompé, E-Swin, Glaukos, Johnson and Johnson, LayerBio, LensAR, RxSight, Sight Sciences, and Spyglass; and being a shareholder of Alcon, Biotissue, Glaukos, LayerBio, and Sight Sciences. Gregg J. Berdy reports serving as a consultant or as a member of advisory boards for Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Allergan, Avellino Labs, Bausch + Lomb, Dompé, Novartis (Alcon Pharmaceuticals), Sun Pharma, and TearScience; and receiving honoraria for lecturing as part of the speaker’s bureau for Alcon Laboratories, Allergan, Avellino Labs, Bausch + Lomb, Dompé, Novartis (Alcon Pharmaceuticals), and Sun Pharma. Kayla Karpuk reports serving as a consultant for Tarsus. Justin Schweitzer reports serving as a consultant or speaker for Alcon, Allergan/AbbVie, Bausch + Lomb, Bruder, Dompé, Glaukos, Iveric Bio, LKC Technologies, MediPrint Ophthalmics, Ocuphire Pharma, Inc, Reichert Technologies, ScienceBased Health, Sight Sciences, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Théa, Topcon Healthcare, Trukera Medical, Visus Therapeutics, and Zeiss; and serving as Chief Medical Editor for Modern Optometry. Adam Alexander and Jason L. Vittitow are employees of Bausch + Lomb. John Berdahl reports serving as a consultant/advisor for AbbVie, Aerpio, ALJ Health, Alcon, Aldeyra, Allergan, Aquea Health, Aurea Medical, Aurion Biotech, Avelinno, Balance Ophthalmics, Bausch + Lomb, Belkin, Centricity Vision, CorneaGen, Dakota Lions Eye Bank, Elios Vision, Equinox, Expert Opinion, Glaukos, Gore, Greenman, Horizon Surgical, Iacta Pharmaceuticals, Ilevro, Imprimis, Interfeen, iRenix, Iveric Bio, Johnson and Johnson, Kala, Kedalion, MELT Pharmaceuticals, MicrOptx, New World Medical, Ocular Surgical Data, Ocular Therapeutix, Omega Ophthalmic, Orasis, Oyster Point, RxSight, Santen, Sight Sciences, Surface, Tarsus, TavoBio, Tear Clear, Tissue Gen, Vance Thompson Vision, Versea Biologics, Vertex Ventures, ViaLase, Visionary Ventures, Visus, Vittamed, and Zeiss; serving as a lecturer for AbbVie, Alcon, Glaukos; having equity ownership or stock options in Aurion Biotech, Balance Ophthalmics, CorneaGen, Equinox, Expert Opinion, Glaukos, Interfeen, LayerBio, Ocular Surgical Data, Omega Ophthalmic, Surface, True North CRO, Vance Thompson Vision, Verana Health, and Zeiss; and receiving royalties from Imprimis. Jason Bacharach reports being a consultant and conducting research for Bausch + Lomb.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964, its later amendments, and the principles of Good Clinical Practice. The study protocol was approved by a central institutional review board (Advarra IRB; Columbia, MD, USA).

: All patients provided written informed consent.