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Authors
McDonald, Marguerite https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5422-9748
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: Marguerite McDonald, MD is a consultant for DefEYE, Inc.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained prior to data collection. A retrospective observational study protocol was reviewed by the IRB at Advarra (reference Pro00087862 ) , and the need for informed consent was determined to be exempt from IRB oversight. The IRB determined that the study met the criteria for a waiver because it was minimal risk to participants, used de-identified data, and was a retrospective study. Furthermore, the research adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring compliance with guidelines for conducting research involving human participants. All patient information was de-identified to protect privacy and confidentiality.
