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Article History

Received: 14 January 2026

Accepted: 24 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Richard Avery has been a consultant for 4D Molecular Therapeutics, AbbVie, Alcon, Alimera, Allergan, Amgen, AsclepiX, Astellas, Aviceda, Bausch + Lomb, Cardinal Health, Clearside Biomedical, Coherus, EyePoint, ForwardVue, Genentech, Inc., Glaukos, Imprimis, InFocus Capital Partners, Ingenia, Kriya, KYS Vision, Merit, Novartis, NVasc, Ocular Therapeutix, Outlook, Pixium, Pr3vent AI, PulseMedica, Regenxbio, Replenish, Re-Vana, Santen, Tenpoint Therapeutics, Vial, and Visionary Ventures; holds stock in AbbVie, Adverum, Alcon, Aldeyra, Apellis, EyePoint, InFocus Capital Partners, Iveric Bio, Kodiak Sciences, Novartis, NVasc, Ocular Therapeutix, Outlook, Regeneron, Replenish, Re-Vana, Verana Health, and Visionary Ventures; holds stock options in Aviceda, ForwardVue, Ingenia, KYS Vision, and NVasc and has been on the speakers’ bureau for Genentech, Inc. Cheikh Diack, Nancy Holekamp, and Mustapha Lhor are employees of F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Florie Mar and Katie Maass are employees of Genentech, Inc.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.