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Article History

Received: 15 December 2025

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 9 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Boehringer Ingelheim was given the opportunity to review the article for medical and scientific accuracy and intellectual property considerations. Adrian Koh declares support from AbbVie, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Mannheim, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Heidelberg Engineering, Nikon, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Roche, and Topcon. Giovanni Staurenghi has consulted for, or advised, AbbVie, Annexon Biosciences, Apellis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Astellas, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genentech, Heidelberg Engineering, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Iveric Bio, Medscape, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Optos, Inc., and RetinAI; has received speaker fees from Carl Zeiss Meditec, CenterVue, Inc., Heidelberg Engineering, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Medscape, Nidek, Inc., and Novartis Pharmaceuticals; has received grant support from Carl Zeiss Meditec, CenterVue, Inc., Heidelberg Engineering, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Nidek, Inc., Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Optos, Inc., and RetinAI; and has received royalties from Ocular Instruments, Inc. Jay Chhablani has consulted for Allergan, Bausch + Lomb, Erasca, EyePoint, Iveric Bio, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, OD-OS, and Salutaris. Georgios D. Panos has received travel grants and honoraria from Roche, Bayer, and Théa. Colin S. Tan has received honoraria from Astellas, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, and Roche. Taffeta Ching Ning Yamaguchi is an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim. Theo Empeslidis was an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim when the manuscript was developed.

: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.