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Article History

Received: 7 May 2026

Accepted: 27 July 2026

First Online: 13 August 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Stephane Angers is a shareholder of AntlerA Therapeutics (now a subsidiary of Roche). Charles C. Wykoff is a consultant for or has received research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, EyeBio/MSD, and Surrozen. David A. Antonetti is a consultant for EyeBio, Maze Therapeutics, ONL Therapeutics, and Venrock. Harald J. Junge is a former consultant and scientific advisory board member for AntlerA Therapeutics (now a subsidiary of Roche). Eric Nudleman is a consultant for Alcon, EyeBio/MSD, Genentech/Roche, and Kalaris. Aaron Nagiel is a consultant for AAvantgarde, Blue Gen, BlueRock, Cellio, Endogena, Epicrispr, EyeBio, Janssen, Opus, RareSight, and Ultragenyx and has received research support from Atsena, Beacon, Genentech, and J&J. Patricio G. Schlottmann is a consultant for EyeBio/MSD and Genentech. Donald J. D’Amico is a consultant for EyeBio/MSD and Kalaris and has equity in EyeBio/MSD. Jonathan Prenner is a consultant for Merck and serves on the board of directors for and may own stock or hold stock options in Bionic Sight and Ripple Therapeutics. David R. Guyer, Charles G. Miller, Keith Baker, Paul Stephens, Anthony P. Adamis, and Yin Shan Eric Ng are employees of EyeBio, a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and may own stock or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. Erin Henry and Hans Rekers are employees of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA, and may own stock or hold stock options in Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.

Ethical Approval: This article is based on previously conducted studies and does not contain any new studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.