Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 August 2024

Accepted: 6 June 2025

First Online: 13 June 2025

Declarations

: The scope of the International Institute of Welding (IIW) is to share knowledge and experience in the science of welding and allied activities. As such, the documents provided by the IIW are intended solely for scientific, technical, and educational purposes in the field of welding and related processes. It is important to note that some information contained in these documents may have dual-use applications, meaning they could be utilized for both civilian and military purposes. The IIW does not endorse or support in any way the improper or unethical use of the information provided in its documents for military, war-related, or any purposes that may violate national or international laws. Anyone using IIW documents is required to do so in compliance with applicable national and international laws and regulations, as well as ethical and moral principles. The IIW disclaims any responsibility for improper or unauthorized use of the information contained in its documents and reserves the right to revoke access to such documents for anyone found to be in violation of ethical and legal principles.

: The authors declare no competing interests.