Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52475404)
the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NPU (2025-TS-15)
National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures (AWJ-26HK01)
2023 Science and Technology Plan of Shenyang (23-401-1-06)
the Practice and Innovation Funds for Graduate Students of Northwestern Polytechnical University (PF2025042)
Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.