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Authors
Zhou, Yuan
Song, Ying
Du, Xinfang
Qin, Jing
Li, Chuanying
Zheng, Chao
Liu, Yongping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021QH001)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020QH086)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000755)
Science and Technology Support Plan for Youth Innovation of Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province, China (2023KJ253)
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Article History
Received: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: The NHANES is a public-use dataset available through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ). Since the study relied on publicly available anonymized databases, it was exempt from ethical approval.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that no Generative AI was used in the creation of this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
