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Authors
Wang, Yingqi
Alexander, G. Caleb
Mehta, Hemalkumar B.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Aging (K01 AG070329)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Institutional Review Board (IRB00025718). This study used de-identified secondary data from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and did not involve any direct contact with human participants.
: Not applicable. This study analyzed de-identified data and did not include human subjects or require informed consent.
: Dr. Alexander is the past Chair of FDA’s Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee and is a co-founding Principal and equity holder in Stage Analytics. These arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.
