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Authors
Djalalinia, Shirin
Azizpour, Yosra
Rezaei, Nazila
Almasi, Golaleh
Azadnajafabad, Sina
Golestani, Ali
Ahmadi, Naser
Farzi, Yosef
Kazemi, Ameneh
Rezaei, Negar
Dilmaghani-Marand, Arezou
Yoosefi, Moein
Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi
Ghasemi, Erfan
Abdolhamidi, Elham
Nasserinejad, Maryam
Hajebi, Amirali
Haghshenas, Rosa
Rezaee, Kamyar
Alipour Derouei, Arefeh
Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar
Vahid Dastjerdi, Marziyeh
Larijani, Bagher
Ramezani Tehrani, Fahimeh
Farzadfar, Farshad
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Article History
Received: 14 April 2026
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: All individuals taking part in the STEPS survey were fully briefed on its procedures and objectives. Participation was voluntary and required written consent. The survey’s protocol received ethical approval from the National Institute for Health Research’s review committee (ID: IR.TUMS.NIHR.REC.1398.006). This specific study was conducted in compliance with all applicable institutional regulations and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Patients and members of the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this secondary data analysis.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
