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Article History

Accepted: 4 June 2025

First Online: 24 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai has consulted for Aleph, Amarin, Balmed, Cardionovum, Crannmedical, Endocore Lab, Eukon, Guidotti, Innovheart, Meditrial, Menarini, Microport, Opsens Medical, Terumo, and Translumina, outside the present work. Pierre Sabouret reports consulting fees from Axis-TV, Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Les laboratoires Servier, Novartis, Menarini, and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. No other authors report any conflict of interest.

: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

: L.S. led the conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, and writing of the original draft. P.P. and S.C. contributed equally as co-first authors in data analysis, interpretation, and manuscript drafting. M. Betti assisted in statistical analysis and literature review. G.B.Z., and G.F. contributed to the methodological design and critical review of the manuscript. F.D.A., G.M.D.F., O.D.F., F.V., M. Borgi, F. Fiorentino, P.S., M. Banach S.S. and A.P. were involved in data interpretation and supervision. N.P., F.A., and F.R. contributed to clinical contextualization and discussion development. G.P. and M. Bernardi supported figure preparation and manuscript editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: The PRAISE registry was compiled from multiple pre-existing national and international registries, each approved by local institutional review boards or ethics committees. All data used in the present analysis were anonymized prior to extraction. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.