Document is current

Article History

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 1 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was supported by Li Shu Pui Medical Foundation Fellowship 2022; Seed Funding for Basic Research (104006735) and Start-Up Funding, The University of Hong Kong; and Hong Kong Research Grants Council General Research Fund (GRF 17110122 and 17108523). YHC was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council Clinical Research Fellowship 2024/25, and Doris Zimmern HKU-Cambridge Hughes Hall Fellowship 2024/25.

: Li HY, Cheriyan J, Chan TK, Yiu KH, Tse HF, Wilkinson IB, and Chan YH have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Li HY contributed to the research methodology, collected the data, performed the analyses, and wrote the manuscript. Cheriyan J and Yiu KH contributed clinical cardiology/pharmacology expertise, contributed to the research methodology, and co-authored the manuscript. Chan TK collected and analyzed the data. Tse HF and Wilkinson IB supervised the study direction, implementation and analyses, wrote and critically revised the manuscript, and are co-senior authors. Chan YH originated the study hypothesis, obtained research funding, designed and implemented the study, performed and supervised the analyses, wrote and revised the manuscript, and was the overall guarantor of the study. All authors wrote, revised, and approved the manuscript.

: The data used are from previously published studies. Derived data in this study are not publicly available but are available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.