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Article History

Accepted: 16 July 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Jiann-Der Lee, Chuan-Pin Lee, Yen-Chu Huang, Meng Lee, and Ya-Wen Kuo have no potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: This work was supported by grants from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGRPG6P0031). The sponsors played no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, or decision to submit the article for publication.

: The study was approved by the local institutional review board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Taiwan (202400331B0). All data in the Chang Gung Research Database and National Health Insurance Research Database are anonymized and de-identified to protect individual privacy. The need for informed consent was waived by the institutional review board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital because of the retrospective nature of study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: The data that support the findings of this study are available from Chang Gung Research Databank at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. However, data are available from the authors upon reasonable request and with the permission of the local institutional review board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi Branch, Taiwan.

: J.L. and Y.K. contributed to the conception and design of the study, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. C.L. contributed to data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. Y.H. and M.L. contributed to data analysis and interpretation and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have given final approval of the version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.