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Article History

Accepted: 27 July 2025

First Online: 28 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This work was partially supported by a grant from Sapienza University of Rome (RD12318AAABE3A08).

: GBZ has consulted for Aleph, Amarin, Balmed, Cardionovum, Crannmedical, Endocore Lab, Eukon, Guidotti, Innovheart, Meditrial, Menarini, Microport, Opsens Medical, Terumo, and Translumina, outside the present work. PS has received consulting fees from Axis-TV, AstraZeneca, BMS, Les Laboratoires Servier, Novartis, Menarini, and Sanofi, outside the submitted work. LS, FR, EBO, GP, MG, SC, GS, BS, ER, AL, FV, IC, VV, SS, and MB have no conflicts of interest.

: LS conceived the manuscript, drafted the initial version, and coordinated the responses to reviewers. FR and EB-O contributed to the manuscript drafting and literature review, alongside GP and MG. SC, PS, GS, BS, ER, AL, FV, GBZ, IC, VV, and SS provided critical internal review and supervision throughout the writing process. MB oversaw the project and provided final supervision and critical appraisal. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: Data sharing is not applicable as no datasets were generated for this review article.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.