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Article History

Received: 8 November 2025

Accepted: 18 January 2026

First Online: 19 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All required data are included in the manuscript or the Supplementary Material. Any additional data can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

: A.A. and A.E: validation, conceptualization, material preparation, methodology, and writing—original draft. A.M.A.: data curation, formal analysis, and writing—original draft. A.W.H.: methodology and writing—original draft. M.S.E., M.S.R., K.A.H., A.F.A., and A.N.: methodology, investigation, and writing—original draft. A.S., A.R., and M.R.: conceptualization, supervision, and writing—review and editing. No paper mills or generative artificial intelligence (AI) were used. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

: Ameer Awashra, Ahmed Emara, Ahmed Mazen Amin, Ahmed W. Hageen, Mohamed S. Elgendy, Mohamed Saad Rakab, Khadeeja Ali Hamzah, Abdullah Faisal Albukhari, Abubakar Nazir, Abdalhakim Shubietah, Anan Abu Rmilah, and Mohammed Ruzieh declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest relevant to the contents of this manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.