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Article History

Received: 29 January 2026

Accepted: 23 August 2026

First Online: 21 September 2026

Declarations

Conflict of Interest: Young Eun Shin is currently an employee of Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA; however, this employment began after the study was completed, and Boston Scientific Corporation had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of the results, or manuscript preparation. Arun Kumar is a current employee of Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, USA, and stockholder of Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA. All other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethics Approval: This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Cincinnati Institutional Review Board. The study analyzed de-identified data; informed consent was waived.

Data Availability: The data that support the findings of this study are not publicly available because they were accessed through TriNetX under a licensed data use agreement held by the University of Cincinnati. Requests for access may be directed to the corresponding author and are subject to TriNetX approval and the terms of the relevant data use agreement.

Author Contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by YES. The first draft of the manuscript was written by YES, and AK, AM, PW, JG, and ALH commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.